Syllabus Information

1.1. Introduction

This course (6 ECTS) tackles the study of the History and Theory of Western architecture from the Renaissance to the XIX Century, a period where the changes that would lead to the birth of the avant-garde in the beginning of the XX Century were gestated. Thus, the course is chronologically located between Composición Arquitectónica 1 (Theory and History of Architecture 1), taught in the first semester of the Degree in Architecture, and Composi­ción Arquitectónica 3 (Theory and History of Architecture 3), which is taught in the fifth term and deals with the architecture of the first half of the XX century. The course consists of three main activities: Two weekly hours consisting of lectures on the History of Architecture; and a weekly session consisting of practical work. These last sessions are divided into two different types: seminars on the theory of architecture and studio hours where different architecture works are analyzed.

As specified in the course’s calendar, there will be 4 theory seminars, devoting a two-hour session to each one of them. Each seminar will examine four seminal texts on architectural theory, previously selected by the professors. In the graphic studios, the students will deve­lop two exercises, consisting of several 2-hour sessions each. Two sessions will be devoted to intermediate reviews, and the last one will consist of oral presentations of the final work. Finally, there will be several sessions, out of the official calendar, devoted to tutored exerci­ses. In those sessions, the students will produce written analysis of archi­tecture works. The goal of these exercises is helping the students develop written narrati­ves where they can further develop the knowledge and contents studied throughout their seminar presentations and graphic analyses.

The contents of the lecture sessions are structured in the following sections:

• SECTION 1: The Renaissance and the problem of proportions. (S.XV-S.XVI).
• SECTION 2: Baroque architecture and the problem of Architectural Style (S.XVI-S.XVII)
• SECTION 3: The Enlightenment and the autonomy of architecture (S.XVIII)
• SECTION 4: The new glance towards architecture as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution (S.XIX).

Similarly, the seminars will be structured according to the contents of the four sections in which the lectures have been subdivided:

• Seminar A: The Vitruvian tradition and the theories of architecture in the Quat­trocento.
• Seminar B: The dogmatism of architecture’s theory in the XVI century.
• Seminar C: Dogmatic classicism in France during the XVIII century, and the Ecole des Beaux-Arts.
• Seminar D: Neo-Gothic theories in Nineteenth-century England.

The architecture works that will be analyzed either graphically in the studio hours, or in writing, in the case of the tutored-work hours, will be suggested by the professors throughout the term, in accordance with the specific contents of the course.

1.2. Recommendations to take this course

Previous knowledge of History of Architecture is recommended. This knowledge is provided by the course Theory and History of Architecture 1 (Composición Arquitectónica 1). Therefore, it is highly recom­mended to have taken and passed that course.

1.3. Context and importance of this course in the degree

The course aims at fostering an understanding of the architecture profession and its role in society, through the study of its relationship with the latter throughout History. It also aims at providing the student with tools that help him develop architectural designs grounded on an ample and rigorous knowledge of the basic con­cepts of the discipline.

1.4. Activities and key dates

• Starting date of the lectures: Thursday, 21 September 2017.

 Seminar presentations

• Seminar A: Week 3
• Seminar B: Week 7
• Seminar C: Week 10
• Seminar D: Week 13

Submission and presentation of graphic exercises (all students submit their graphic exer­cises, but each student presents it once throughout the course, as stated in the work chronogram)

• Graphic Exercise 1: To schedule
• Graphic Exercise 2: To schedule

Exams:

• Mid-term exam: Nov. 2017
• Final exam: as stated in the EINA’s official calendar.

The dates of the mid-term exam, the seminars, and the graphic exercise submissions will be determined at the beginning of the course, according to the academic calendar, and could be subject to modification, under the supervision of the Degree in Architecture 2nd-year coordinator, depending on the activities and exams scheduled for the rest of the third-semester courses taught in the Degree.

2.1. Learning goals

• Result 1. A clear, diachronic, sequential vision of the History of Architecture, as well as a knowledge of the mechanics of architectural composition that integrate architectural design.
• Result 2. Synthesizing, through examples, the typological, constructive and morpholo­gic features that characterize the periods of the History of Architecture studied in the course: From the Renaissance to the XIX Century.
• Result 3. The ability to identify the key works studied, locating them in the period they belong in a reasoned way, justifying their relationship with the history of the place where they have been built.
• Result 4. The skill to develop, via the knowledge of the Theory and History of architec­ture, of an engaged and educated approach to architectural design, providing a critical vision of the works or trends studied in the course.
• Result 5. The skill to provide fundamental and convincing commentaries on architec­tural works, using the knowledge acquired throughout the course as a tool to develop the ability to interpret the most relevant designs of Architecture’s History, understanding those as the products of the materials, construction systems and technologies that were used to build them, and a specific cul­tural moment.
• Result 6. The capacity to understand, interpret and analyze academic literature (on the Theory and History of Architecture), as well as the ability to develop structured and suitable arguments.
• Result 7. The rigorous and measured use of the specific language and terminology of the architectural discipline.
• Result 8. The ability to handle specific bibliography. 

2.2. Importance of learning goals

This course develops the student’s capacities to:

• Position himself in a committed way, grounded on the knowledge of the theory and history of Western architecture, when facing architectural design, thus providing a critical and informed vision.
• Develop architecture projects based on rigorous knowledge of the basic concepts of the discipline.
• Face, within the rigorous knowledge of the theory and history of Western architecture, a research project. 

3.1. Aims of the course

The general aim of the course is to provide the student with the tools he or she needs to gain a deep, reflective knowledge of the History and Theory of Western Architecture, from the origins of the Renaissance in Florence to the end of the XIX century. The course should help him develop a clear, diachronic and sequential understanding of the phenomenon, and show him different paths to approach the analysis and interpreting of the architectu­ral fact, as well as the compositional mechanisms behind it.

3.2. Competences

The specific skills the student develops throughout this course, which are framed in the Theory and History of Architecture Area as defined in the verification report of the Degree in Architecture Studies of the University of Zaragoza are the following ones:

• CE35OB.
• CE40OB.
• CE41OB.
• CE47OB.
• CE48OB.
• CE50OB.
• CE52OB.
• CE53OB.
• CE54OB.
• CE55OB.

Within the basic and general skills that the student develops through the Theory and His­tory of Architecture Area as defined in the verification report of the Degree in Architecture Studies of the University of Zaragoza, this course deepens on the following ones:

• CB3.
• CB4.
• CB5.
• CGG7.

Additionally, regarding the transversal skills that the student develops through the Theory and History of Architecture Area as defined in the verification report of the Degree in Architecture Studies of the University of Zaragoza, this course deepens on the following ones:    

• CT3.
• CT4.
• CT6.
• CT9.
• CT11.
• CT12.

4.1. Assessment tasks (description of tasks, marking system and assessment criteria)

The student will be expected to show that he/she has reached the learning results defi­ned for the course through several evaluation activities.

• Test 1: written exam.
• Test 2: oral presentation of texts in seminar classes
• Test 3: submission of graphic analyses based on studio work.
• Test 4: written tutored exercises.

The aspects that will be evaluated in the exercises, both theoretical and practical, will be the depth and range of the knowledge acquired by the students, their ability to synthesi­ze, clarity, quality of expression, quality of the presentation, etc. The percentages repre­sented by those in the final grade are as follows:

• Exercise 1: 60%
• Exercise 2: 15%
• Exercise 3: 25%
• Exercise 4: non-mandatory

 The evaluation of the different parts will follow the criteria outlined in the following para­graphs:

TEST 1: WRITTEN EXAM

In order to make the study of the contents of the course easier for the student, there will be a midterm exam which will evaluate the contents of the first half of the course (SEC­TIONS 1 and 2). This is a voluntary exam, thus students are not obliged to take it, and can decide to be examined of the whole contents of the course in a single exam at the end of the semester.

Thus, the students can choose two different evaluation itineraries for test #1:

• A voluntary theory exam in November that will test the contents of the first half of the course (SECTIONS 1 and 2).
• A final theory exam at the end of the semester (the date will be set by the official EINA calendar). This exam will have two versions:
  • Comprising the contents of the second half of the course (SECTIONS 3 and 4). This exam will be available for those students that had a grade over 4.5 in the November midterm exam.
  • Comprising the contents of the whole course (SECTIONS 1, 2, 3, and 4) for those with a grade below 5 in the midterm exam (including those who did not take it), or those who wish to be examined of the whole course instead.

Thus, the final theory grade will be the arithmetic mean of both exams. In all cases, this mean must equal or be over 5 in order to pass test #1 of the course. This grade will re­present the 60% of the final grade.

If the student obtains a grade inferior to 5, he can take this exam again in the Extraordinary September Call, as regulated by the EINA official calendar. No previous exam grades will be kept. Therefore, the students who take this extraordinary exam will have to cover the 4 SECTIONS of the course.

Written exams will typically consist of three sections:

• Image recognition. A series of works on which the student will have to provi­de: Name of the building/ project, the period it belongs to, approximate chro­nology, style, and author, as well as a brief comment that explains its relevance in the history of architecture.
• Short questions: A critical commentary regarding some of the texts studied in the seminars.
• Long questions: The students will have to provide a critical commentary on two works. Besides providing the name of the works, the period they belong to, their approximate chronology, their styles and authors, the students will have to develop an original comparative analysis of both, following the same of the logic of the tutored exercises. This short essay should be more analytic than descriptive and should relate methodologically to the tutored exercises developed throughout the course.

TEST 2: SEMINARS

The seminars will be developed in several study groups consisting of up to 24 students each. The professors will ponder the possibility that in one or several of those groups teaching will be conducted in English as a way to foster reading texts in this language, as stated in the EINA strategic plan (2014-2017).

The seminars will consist of the analysis and presentation of theoretical texts selected by the professors. Each seminar will correspond with one of the theory sections in which the lectures are divided. The texts will be analyzed and presented in English in those seminar groups the professors deem necessary.

The evaluation of the seminar will comprise an oral presentation of about 15 minutes analyzing the corresponding text. This presentation should cover the following aspects:

• Introduce the author of the treatise: who he was, what was his profession, dates o birth and decease, what positions he occupied, etc.
• Analyze and explain the main contents of the text, particularly in those as­pects that refer to the theory of architectural orders.
• Explain the structure of the book: number of chapters, type of illustrations included, etc.
• Explain the relevance of the text for posterity.
• Explain when it was translated into other languages. It is of particular interest to explain its dissemination throughout Europe.
• Explain the concept of ‘architecture’ vindicated by the author.
• Personal considerations.

The seminars will be handled in pairs, with each two students presenting twice throughout the term, following the work chronogram of the course. At the beginning of the semester, the students will be provided with the planning including the different texts that will be dealt with in each seminar, as well as their corresponding presentation dates. Thus, each group will be informed at the beginning of the course of the specific date when they will have to present their allocated text. They will need to get a grade over 5 in order to pass TEST 2 and be able to have it mediate with the other tests. This grade will represent 15% of the course final grade. If the student obtains a grade inferior to 5, he can take this exam again in the Extraordinary September Call, as regulated by the EINA official calendar.

TEST 3: STUDIO FOR THE GRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECTURAL WORKS

Throughout the semester, the students will develop three graphic assignments which will consist of analytic exercises on architectural works related to the contents of the course and their corresponding oral presentation. As in the seminar classes, the students will be subdivided into work groups and will develop the graphic exercises in pairs.

The grading process will take into consideration the presentation and layout of the work, as well as the analytic content, the organization, and the synthetic qualities displayed by the students. Among others, the evaluation will consider the following aspects:

• General layout of the plate
  • Text/drawing adequacy
  • Cleanliness and clarity on the graphic presentation of the studied architectural work.
• The analytic and technical quality of the drawings. The quality of the architectural projections.
  • Line weights.
  • Working scales.
  • Correspondence between different projections (floor plans, cross-sections, elevations).
  • The analytic quality of the graphic system to note the dimensions, and analysis of the proportions.
  • The analytic quality of the graphic system that analyses the underlying geometry of the design.
• Drawing production.
  • The number of drawings.
  • Ability to work in different scales.
• Written (analytic, not descriptive)discourse accompanying the drawings
• Serious mistakes in the analysis (yes/no)

The final grade of the studio sessions will consist of the arithmetic mean of the grades of the three graphic assignments, together with their corresponding presentations. A grade of 5 or more will be required in order to pass TEST #3. This grade will represent 25% of the course final grade.

If the student gets a grade below 5 or does not submit some or all the assignments, he will have to submit all of them for their evaluation in the date where the official exam takes place, following the prescriptions of article 9 of the current Regulations of Learning Evaluation (Reglamento de Normas de Evaluación de Aprendizaje), as featured in the December 22 agreement of the Managing Committee of the University.

TEST 4: TUTORED EXERCISES

Tutored exercises will consist of written assignments where the student will develop a structured discourse, approximately 1,000 words long, comparing two given architecture works. The works on which the student should develop this written analysis will be di­rectly related to the contents of the course. 

5.1. Methodological overview

The methodology followed in this course is oriented towards the achievement of the learning objectives. It is based on an active methodology that favors the development of critical thinking. A wide range of teaching and learning tasks are implemented, such as lectures, practice sessions, autonomous work and assessment tasks. 

Students are expected to participate actively in the class throughout the semester.  Further information regarding the course will be provided on the first day of class.

Main methodology:

• M1 Lectures.
• M2 Seminars.
• M3 Studio.
• M10 Office hours.
• M11 Exams.
• M14 Student own work. 

5.2. Learning tasks

The course includes 6 ECTS organized according to the following activities:

• Activity 1: Theory lectures (Teaching type T1/ Methodology M1): There will be weekly lectures with their content focusing on the history of architecture, fo­llowing the course schedule (see course schedule and calendar). The students will be provided with a working guide via the MOODLE platform of the University of Zaragoza. This guide will list the most relevant architecture works of each theory lecture, as well as the general bibliography and the specific bibliography corresponding to each of the sections, as a basic reference for the individual study of the course.
• Activity 2: Seminars (Teaching type T3/ Methodology M3): Throughout the course, there will be 4 seminar sessions where students will offer presen­tations and debate on texts on the theory of architecture following the course schedule (see course schedule and calendar). This activity will be carried in small student groups which will additionally be subdivided into work pairs in order to develop their class presentations.
• Activity 3: Studio for the graphic analysis of architecture works (Teaching type T3/ Methodology M3):  Throughout the term, the students will develop 3 graphic assignments where they will ca­rry out graphic analyses of architectural works, following the course schedule (see course schedule and calendar). This activity will be carried in small student groups which will additionally be subdivided into work pairs in order to develop their graphic assignments.
• Activity 4: Special practices (Teaching type T4):  A field trip with the students will take place on dates to be determined depending on the practices, exams, and submissions schedule of the other courses. The field trip will be 1 or 2 days long, taking the slot reserved for special practices, and will offer the student the opportunity to visit, among others, some buildings studied throughout the course.
• Activity 5: Tutored exercises (Teaching type T6 / Methodology M10): Throughout the term, the students will have the chance to write brief essays where they will reflect on different pairings of architectural works, by means of a comparative analy­sis of their features. The student will be provided with the briefs for these exercises via the MOODLE platform of the University of Zaragoza so that in the hours allotted for this activity they can get feedback and ask questions to the professors, as well as receive tips on writing techniques.
• Activity 6: Office hours (Methodology M10-M2): The student will be able to ask for individual interviews with the professors both regar­ding the contents of studios, seminars, and lectures, in the hours specified in the official calendar. These office hours will also be used to comment on the exhibitions whose attendance has been suggested in the course.

 Thus, the correspondence between the learning results and the proposed academic activities works as follows:

5.3. Syllabus

Lecture Syllabus:

SECTION 1: The Renaissance and the Theory of Proportions (XV-S.XVI Century).

• Lecture 1: Quattrocento in Italy. Architectural problems in the work of Filippo Bru-nelles­chi.
• Lecture 2: Quattrocento in Italy. Architectural problems in the work and Theory of León Battista Alberti.The concept of ‘Ideal Church’.
• Lecture 3: Cinquecento in Italy. Architectural problems in the work of Donato Bramante and Michelangelo.
• Lecture 4: Cinquecento in Italy. Architectural problems in the work and Theory of Andrea Palladio.

SECTION 2: The Baroque and the problem of Architecture as a Style (XVI-S.XVII Century)

• Lecture 5: Baroque in Italy. Architectural problems in the sacred works of Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini.
• Lecture 6: Baroque in Italy. Architectural problems in the civil works of Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini.
• Lecture 7: Late Baroque in Italy. International dissemination of Baroque architecture.

SECTION 3: The Enlightenment and the autonomy of architecture (XVIII Century)

• Lecture 8: Introduction to the “Enlightenment”.  Neoclassicism in France.
• Lecture 9: Neoclassicism in Spain.
• Lecture 10: Neoclassicism in England.

SECTION 4: The new glance towards architecture as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution (XIX Century).

• Lecture 11: The internationalization of neoclassicism. New scientific and technological challenges. The new iron architecture.
• Lecture 12: The revival of Gothic architecture. Greco-Gothic vs. Neo-Gothic.
• Lecture 13: Arts & Crafts and Art Nouveau.

Seminars Syllabus:

SEMINAR A: The Vitruvian Tradition and the Theory of Architecture during the Quattro­cento.

• Vitruvius, Ten Books on Architecture (23-27 a.C.)
• Leon Battista Alberti, The Ten Books of Architecture (1452).
• Filarete (Antonio Averlino), Treatise on Architecture (1464).
• Francesco di Giorgio, Treatise on Architecture (1470).

SEMINAR B: The Dogmatic Theory of Architecture in the XVI century.

• Sebastiano Serlio, The five books of Architecture (1537).
• Vignola, Five Orders of Architecture (1562).
• Andrea Palladio, The Four Books on Architecture (1570).
• Giorgio Vasari, The Lives of the Artists (1550).

 SEMINAR C: French Dogmatic classicism in the XVII century and the Ecole des Beaux-Arts.

• Marc-Antoine Laugier, Essay on Architecture (1752).
• Piranesi, Magnificence and Roman Architecture (1761).
• Étienne-Louis Boullée, Architecture. Essay on Art (1780).
• Jean Nicolas Louis Durand, Lectures on Architecture (1802-05).

 SEMINAR D: Neogothic Theory of Architecture in England during the XIX century.

• Augustus Pugin, The true principles of pointed or Christian architecture (1841).
• John Ruskin, Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849).
• Viollet le Duc, Discourses on Architecture (1863).
• William Morris, News from Nowhere (1890).

5.4. Course planning and calendar

5.5. Bibliography and recommended resources

[BB: Bibliografía básica / BC: Bibliografía complementaria]

• [BB] Benevolo, Leonardo. Historia de la arquitectura moderna / Leonardo Benevolo . - 8ª ed., rev. y amp., 4ª tirada Barcelona : Gustavo Gili, 2007
• [BB] García, Carolina B.. Historia del arte y de la arquitectura moderna (1851-1933) : del Crystal Palace a la ciudad funcional / Carolina B. García, Antonio Pizza . - 1ª ed. Barcelona : Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Iniciativa Digital Politècnica 2014
• [BB] Hitchcock, Henry-Russell. Arquitectura : siglos XIX y XX / Henry-Russell Hitchcok [i. e. Hitchcock ; versión española de Luis E. Santiago]. - 6ª ed. Madrid : Cátedra, 2008
• [BB] Kruft, Hanno-Walter. Historia de la teoría de la arquitectura. Vol. 1, Desde la Antigüedad hasta el siglo XVIII / Hanno-Walter Kruft ; versión castellana de Pablo Diener Ojeda Madrid : Alianza, D.L. 1990
• [BB] Roth, Leland M.. Entender la arquitectura : sus elementos, historia y significado / Leland M. Roth ; prólogo de Josep Maria Montaner ; [versión castellana de Carlos Sáenz de Valicourt] . - 1ª ed., 9ª tirada Barcelona : Gustavo Gili, 2013
• [BB] Rykwert, Joseph. La casa de Adán en el Paraíso / Joseph Rykwert ; [versión castellana de Justo G. Beramendi] . - 2ª ed., 2ª tirada Barcelona : Gustavo Gili, 2005
• [BB] Trachtenberg, Marvin. Arquitectura : de la prehistoria a la postmodernidad, la tradición occidental / Marvin Trachtenberg, Isabelle Hyman Los Berrocales del Jarama, Madrid : Akal, 1990
• [BB] Wittkower, Rudolf. Los fundamentos de la arquitectura en la edad del humanismo / Rudolf Wittkower ; versión española de Adolfo Gómez Cedillo Madrid : Alianza, D.L. 1995
• [BC] [Bloque 1] - Ackerman, James S. Palladio / James S. Ackerman . Madrid : Xarait, D.L. 1987
• [BC] [Bloque 1] - Alberti, Leon Battista. De re aedificatoria / Leon Battista Alberti ; prólogo, Javier Rivera ; traducción, Javier Fresnillo Núñez . [2ª ed.] Madrid : Akal, D.L. 2007
• [BC] [Bloque 1] - Argan, Giulio Carlo. Brunelleschi / Giulio Carlo Argan . Madrid : Xarait, D.L. 1981
• [BC] [Bloque 1] - Betrán Abadía, Ramón. Leon Battista Alberti y la teória de la creación artística en el Renacimiento / Ramón Betrán Abadía . Zaragoza : Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Aragón, 1992
• [BC] [Bloque 1] - Bruschi, Arnaldo. Bramante / Arnaldo Bruschi ; [traducido por Rosario Ochoa y Consuelo Luca de Tena] . Bilbao : Xarait, D.L. 1987
• [BC] [Bloque 1] - Pacioli, Luca. La divina proporción / Luca Pacioli ; introducción de Antonio M. González Rodríguez ; traducción de Juan Calatrava . Tres Cantos (Madrid) : Akal, D.L. 2007
• [BC] [Bloque 1] - Palladio, Andrea. I quattro libri dell'architettura.|lEspañol : Los cuatro libros de la arquitectura / Andrea Palladio ; traducción del italiano de Luisa de Aliprandini, Alicia Martínez Crespo ; introducción de Javier Rivera . [2ª ed.] Tres Cantos, Madrid : Akal, 2008
• [BC] [Bloque 1] - Serlio, Sebastiano. Tercero y cuarto libro de arquitectura / Sebastiano Serlio . [1a. ed.] Barcelona : Alta Fulla, 1990
• [BC] [Bloque 1] - Vitrubio Polión, Marco. De architectura.|lEspañol : Los diez libros de arquitectura / Marco Lucio Vitruvio Polión ; introducción por Delfín Rodríguez Ruiz ; versión española de José Luis Oliver Domingo . Madrid : Alianza, D.L. 1995
• [BC] [Bloque 2] - Blunt, Anthony. Borromini / Anthony Blunt ; versión española de Fernando Villaverde . [1a. ed., 1a. reimp.] Madrid : Alianza, 1987
• [BC] [Bloque 2] - Borsi, Franco. Bernini / Franco Borsi ; traducción, Juan Calatrava Escobar . Tres Cantos (Madrid) : Akal, D.L. 1998
• [BC] [Bloque 2] - Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Arquitectura barroca / Christian Norberg-Schulz . Madrid : Aguilar, 1989
• [BC] [Bloque 2] - Wölfflin, Heinrich. Renacimiento y barroco / Heinrich Wölfflin ; [traducción del equipo editorial Alberto Corazón ; revisión de Nicanor Ancochea] . Barcelona : Paidós, D.L. 2009
• [BC] [Bloque 3] - Boullée, E. L. Arquitectura, ensayo sobre el arte Gustavo Gili, 1985
• [BC] [Bloque 3] - Kaufmann, Emil. Tres arquitectos revolucionarios : Boullée, Ledoux y Lequeu / Emil Kaufmann ; introducción y notas de Gilbert Érouart y Georges Teyssot ; [versión castellana de Xavier Blanquer ... et al.] . Barcelona : Gustavo Gili, D.L. 1980
• [BC] [Bloque 3] - Laugier, Marc-Antoine. Ensayo sobre la arquitectura / Marc-Antoine Laugier ; edición de Lilia Maure Rubio ; traducción de Maysi Veuthey Martínez, Lilia Maure Rubio . Madrid : Akal, D.L. 1999
• [BC] [Bloque 3] - Moleón Gavilanes, Pedro. John Soane (1753-1837) y la arquitectura de la razón poética / Pedro Moleón . Madrid : Mairea Libros, 2001
• [BC] [Bloque 3] - Sambricio, Carlos. La arquitectura española de la Ilustración / Carlos Sambricio ; prólogo de Rafael Moneo . Madrid : Consejo Superior de los Colegios de Arquitectos de España [etc.], 1986
• [BC] [Bloque 4] - Benevolo, Leonardo. Los orígenes del urbanismo moderno / Leonardo Benevolo . Madrid : H. Blume, D. L. 1979
• [BC] [Bloque 4] - Frampton, Kenneth. Estudios sobre cultura tectónica : poéticas de la construcción en la arquitectura de los siglos XIX y XX / Kenneth Frampton ; traducción Amaya Bozal ; revisión científica Juan Calatrava ; [edición de John Cava] . Madrid : Akal, 1999
• [BC] [Bloque 4] - Pevsner, Nikolaus. Pioneros del diseño moderno : de William Morris a Walter Gropius / Nikolaus Pevsner ; [versión castellana Odilia E. Suárez y Emma Gregores] . 4ª ed. rev. en español Buenos Aires : Infinito, 2003